# What is CVE-2023-28321?

> CVE-2023-28321 is a medium-severity flaw (CVSS 5.9) in Curl from Haxx, published on 26 May 2023. It is not on the list of flaws known to be exploited today. The latest forecast puts its chance of use in the next 30 days at 1.8%. If you run an affected version, plan in the vendor’s fix.

Canonical page: https://www.precursorintelligence.com/what-is/cve-2023-28321

## At a glance

- **Verdict:** Plan it in. No sign of exploitation and a low forecast. Patch it in your normal update cycle.
- **Precursor Intelligence risk score:** 44 out of 100 (Medium); action: Plan remediation. Kept up to date as the evidence changes.
- **Severity:** Medium (CVSS 5.9 out of 10)
- **Known to be exploited:** No, not on the list of flaws known to be exploited today
- **Chance of use in the next 30 days:** 1.8% (latest exploit-likelihood forecast)
- **Published:** 26 May 2023
- **Record last updated:** 15 January 2025
- **Main product:** Curl from Haxx
- **Affected products:** 14

## What is CVE-2023-28321? In plain terms

It can be attacked from anywhere on the internet without logging in, and nobody has to click anything. If it works, the attacker can change data.

### The official description

An improper certificate validation vulnerability exists in curl <v8.1.0 in the way it supports matching of wildcard patterns when listed as "Subject Alternative Name" in TLS server certificates. curl can be built to use its own name matching function for TLS rather than one provided by a TLS library. This private wildcard matching function would match IDN (International Domain Name) hosts incorrectly and could as a result accept patterns that otherwise should mismatch. IDN hostnames are converted to puny code before used for certificate checks. Puny coded names always start with `xn--` and should not be allowed to pattern match, but the wildcard check in curl could still check for `x*`, which would match even though the IDN name most likely contained nothing even resembling an `x`.

### What kind of flaw is it?

- CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation

### How an attack on it works

- Where an attacker can be: Anywhere on the internet
- How hard it is to pull off: Hard: conditions must line up
- Login needed first: No login needed
- Does someone have to click: No, nobody has to do anything
- What an attacker gets: Can change data

Severity vector: `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N`

## Is CVE-2023-28321 being exploited? Not that we know of

It is not on the list of flaws known to be exploited today. The latest forecast puts the chance of it being used in the next 30 days at 1.8%. That can change at any time, which is why we keep watching.

Exploit likelihood over the last 7 days: 1.8%, 1.8%, 1.8%, 1.8%, 1.8%, 1.8%, 1.8%.

### Timeline

- 26 May 2023: Published
- 15 January 2025: Record last updated

### How Precursor Intelligence ranks it

CVE-2023-28321 scores **44 out of 100 (Medium)**, with the action "Plan remediation".

Every published flaw gets a risk score from 0 to 100, kept up to date as the evidence changes. Four things go into the score, from the one that counts most to the ones that count less:

- Evidence it is being exploited: biggest factor
- How severe it is: strong factor
- How widely exposed it is: smaller factor
- Threat activity around it: smaller factor

85 and above is Critical. Anything confirmed as exploited is always marked for an emergency patch, whatever its score. When this flaw matches software you track, it lands in your list with its score and the reasons behind it.

## Who is affected by CVE-2023-28321?

The published record lists 14 products. Versions are as published: "before 8.1.0" means every version up to, but not including, 8.1.0.

- [Curl](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/haxx/curl) by [Haxx](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/haxx) (Application): before 8.1.0
- [macOS](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/apple/macos) by [Apple](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/apple) (Operating system): 11.0 to before 11.7.9, 12.0 to before 12.6.8, 13.0 to before 13.5
- [Fedora](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/fedoraproject/fedora) by [Fedoraproject](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/fedoraproject) (Operating system): 37, 38
- [Clustered Data Ontap](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/clustered_data_ontap) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Application): version not specified
- [Debian Linux](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/debian/debian_linux) by [Debian](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/debian) (Operating system): 10.0
- [H300s](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h300s) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Hardware): version not specified
- [H300s Firmware](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h300s_firmware) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Operating system): version not specified
- [H410s](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h410s) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Hardware): version not specified
- [H410s Firmware](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h410s_firmware) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Operating system): version not specified
- [H500s](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h500s) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Hardware): version not specified
- [H500s Firmware](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h500s_firmware) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Operating system): version not specified
- [H700s](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h700s) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Hardware): version not specified
- [H700s Firmware](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/h700s_firmware) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Operating system): version not specified
- [Ontap Antivirus Connector](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/product/netapp/ontap_antivirus_connector) by [Netapp](https://www.precursorintelligence.com/vendors/netapp) (Application): version not specified

## How do I fix CVE-2023-28321?

1. **Check whether you run it.** Compare your versions with the affected products above. Not sure what you run? Precursor Intelligence can work it out from your public website, or you can pick it from a list.
2. **Apply the vendor’s fix.** Install the update named in the vendor’s advisory. We’ve put the advisory first in the list.
3. **If you can’t patch today.** Follow any mitigation the vendor publishes, and limit who can reach the affected system from the internet until the update is in.
4. **Keep an eye on it.** Track the product and we tell you as soon as we spot this flaw on the list of exploited flaws, or a jump in its exploit likelihood.

### References

- [hackerone.com](https://hackerone.com/reports/1950627) (Exploit, Patch, Third-party advisory)
- [seclists.org](http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Jul/47) (Mailing list, Third-party advisory)
- [seclists.org](http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Jul/48) (Mailing list, Third-party advisory)
- [seclists.org](http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Jul/52) (Mailing list, Third-party advisory)
- [lists.debian.org](https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/10/msg00016.html) (Mailing list, Third-party advisory)
- [lists.fedoraproject.org](https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/F4I75RDGX5ULSSCBE5BF3P5I5SFO7ULQ/)
- [lists.fedoraproject.org](https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/Z2LIWHWKOVH24COGGBCVOWDXXIUPKOMK/)
- [security.gentoo.org](https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202310-12) (Third-party advisory)
- [security.netapp.com](https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230609-0009/) (Third-party advisory)
- [support.apple.com](https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213843) (Third-party advisory)
- [support.apple.com](https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213844) (Third-party advisory)
- [support.apple.com](https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213845) (Third-party advisory)

## Questions

### What is CVE-2023-28321?

CVE-2023-28321 is a medium-severity flaw in Curl from Haxx, published on 26 May 2023. It can be attacked from anywhere on the internet without logging in, and nobody has to click anything. If it works, the attacker can change data.

### How serious is CVE-2023-28321?

It scores 5.9 out of 10 on the CVSS severity scale, which is medium. Our risk score for CVE-2023-28321 is 44 out of 100, which is Medium. Its action is "Plan remediation". No sign of exploitation and a low forecast. Patch it in your normal update cycle.

### Is CVE-2023-28321 being exploited?

It is not on the list of flaws known to be exploited today. The latest forecast puts the chance of it being used in the next 30 days at 1.8%. That can change at any time, which is why we keep watching.

### Which versions does CVE-2023-28321 affect?

For Curl from Haxx: before 8.1.0. The record lists 14 products in all, each with its versions, under "Who is affected" on this page.

### How do I fix CVE-2023-28321?

Install the update the vendor names in its advisory, linked first under "How do I fix" on this page. If you can't patch today, follow the vendor's mitigation and limit who can reach the affected system from the internet.

## Does CVE-2023-28321 affect you?

Precursor Intelligence keeps checking for you:

- **Tell us what you run.** Pick your software from a list, or let us work it out from your website.
- **We match it to every flaw.** Over 400,000 published flaws, checked against your list.
- **Ranked by real-world risk.** Every flaw gets a 0 to 100 risk score, kept up to date, led by evidence criminals are using it.
- **Told as soon as we know.** An alert by email, in the app or by webhook to your own tools.

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